WORLD WAR II • 1939–1945 ✧ NEVER SENT

The Moon Over Changsha

Sergeant Liang Weiguo (age 26)
Lin Mei (age 24)
1942-01-04 3 min read Third Battle of Changsha Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Changsha, Hunan Province, China • 1942-01-04
Sergeant Liang Weiguo
to Lin Mei

My beloved Mei,

I am writing this by the light of the moon, on a piece of scrap paper that once wrapped our rations. The Japanese are on the other side of the river. I can hear their voices carried across the water, a language I do not understand but whose intent I know perfectly.

The Xiang River is red again. It has been red for three days now. The rains came yesterday and washed some of it clean, but by evening it was red once more. I have stopped counting the bodies. There is a number beyond which counting becomes a kind of madness, and I have passed it.

This morning they shot a deserter. He was seventeen years old, from a village not far from my own. He ran when the Japanese came through with flamethrowers. I do not blame him. I wanted to run too. But something held me here. Maybe it was your face. Maybe it was the memory of my father telling me about the 1911 Revolution, about the old China that died so a new one could be born. Maybe it was just shame. I don’t know anymore.

The war is devouring our souls, Mei. I feel pieces of myself vanishing. The part that laughed easily. The part that believed in tomorrow. The part that could sleep through the night without dreaming of fire. They are gone, one by one. But the part that loves you remains. That part is made of iron.

The Japanese say China will break like a teacup. They do not understand us. A teacap can be mended with gold lacquer and become more beautiful than before. And our nation is not a cup at all. We are the river. Cut us, and we flow around you. Burn us, and we rise as mist and fall as rain. We have been here for five thousand years. We will be here when they are dust.

I want a son, Mei. I know this is a strange thing to write, here, in this place, with death all around me. But I want a son to whom I can teach the old poems. I want a daughter with your eyes. I want to grow old in a house that has walls of stone, not of fear.

If I die tomorrow — and I think I will, the morning attack will be fierce — do not mourn me too long. I have lived a full life because I knew your love. That is enough for any man.

If I die, my bones will become part of China’s earth. That is not a tragedy. That is a promise.

Your husband, Liang Weiguo

如果我死了,我的骨頭將成為中國大地的一部分。這不是悲劇,而是承諾。

— Original Chinese —

如果我死了,我的骨頭將成為中國大地的一部分。這不是悲劇,而是承諾。

S
Sergeant Liang Weiguo About the author

Liang Weiguo was born in 1916 in Sichuan Province, the son of poor farmers. He had only two years of formal schooling before joining the army at 17, but he learned to read and write from a company scribe during training, practicing by copying out the Confucian classics by candlelight. He rose to sergeant through battlefield experience, not education. His letters are noted for their unpolished but deeply vivid descriptions of war. He carried a worn copy of the Art of War and a dried flower from his wedding day in his pack.

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Source: Inspired by Chinese war letters held at the National Museum of China and published in "Letters from the Storms: Chinese Voices from the War of Resistance 1937–1945."

What Happened

Liang was killed on January 5, 1942 while defending a bridge approach outside Changsha. He was hit by Japanese machine-gun fire during a counterattack. He was 26 years old. His body was buried near the bridge he died defending. The letter was found in the lining of his cap by a fellow soldier, who recognized the name of Liang's wife and carried the letter for months before finding a way to send it to Chongqing.

Aftermath

Lin Mei received the letter in July 1942 — six months after Liang's death. She was 24 and living in a cave house carved into the mountainside of Chongqing, the wartime capital under constant Japanese bombing. She survived the war. After the Communist victory in 1949, she faced persecution as the widow of a Nationalist soldier. She burned all of Liang's other letters to protect herself and her family, but kept this one hidden in a hollow brick in her wall. She died in 2003 at the age of 85. Her grandson, a historian at Sichuan University, found the letter after her death and had it published in 2015 in a collection of Chinese war letters.

Historical Context

The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) was the largest Asian war of the 20th century, with an estimated 10–20 million Chinese casualties. The Third Battle of Changsha (December 24, 1941 – January 15, 1942) was a major Chinese victory. The Japanese 11th Army attempted to cross the Miluo River and capture the strategic city of Changsha. The Chinese 10th Army defended fiercely, using scorched-earth tactics, booby traps, and night attacks. The battle coincided with the Japanese advance on Singapore and Hong Kong. China had been fighting alone since 1937, among the worst-equipped of any major power, yet it pinned down hundreds of thousands of Japanese troops. Chongqing, the wartime capital, was subjected to years of relentless bombing by the Japanese Air Force.
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Timeline

1937-07-07

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident. The Second Sino-Japanese War begins. Liang enlists in the National Revolutionary Army.

1938-04-12

Liang marries Lin Mei in a small ceremony in Chongqing. They have three days together before he marches east.

1939-09-15

Liang fights in the First Battle of Changsha. He is wounded in the shoulder but survives.

1941-09-06

The Second Battle of Changsha. Liang's unit is decimated. He is promoted to sergeant for bravery.

1941-12-24

The Third Battle of Changsha begins. Japanese forces cross the Miluo River.

1942-01-04

Liang writes this letter by moonlight on scrap paper. He knows the morning counterattack will be his last.

1942-01-05

Liang is killed by machine-gun fire while holding the bridge approach. Changsha is secured by Chinese forces on January 15.

1942-07-18

Lin Mei receives the letter, delivered by a soldier who walked 600 miles from Hunan to Chongqing.

2015-08-15

The letter is published in 'Letters from the Storms: Chinese Voices from the War of Resistance 1937-1945' on the 70th anniversary of the war's end.

Origin